Towards a Quality of Experience Model and Evaluation Framework for Immersive Metaverse Environments: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Immersive technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Extended Reality (XR) are rapidly shaping the emerging Metaverse ecosystem. While these technologies enable new forms of digital interaction, evaluating the Quality of Experience (QoE) in immersive environments remains challenging due to the combination of human, technological, and contextual factors involved. This paper presents a systematic literature review that analyzes existing research on QoE in Metaverse-related immersive environments. The study provides an overview of quantification methods, data collection and analysis approaches, application domains, enabling technologies, and evaluation methods. The results highlight the current research distribution, identify emerging trends, and expose methodological gaps in existing QoE research. Based on these findings, the study derives concrete requirements and outlines a research agenda to guide the future development of a unified QoE model and transferable evaluation framework for immersive systems.